Email this article 
Comparison of Different Types of Bleaching Earth on the Quality of Bleaching Palm Oil (BPO)
Abstract
Bleaching Earth (BE), primarily derived from Bentonite, is widely used in the bleaching process of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Its efficiency depends on the proportions of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃, which enable effective pigment absorption. This study evaluates the performance of unmodified Bentonite, nano SiO₂-modified Bentonite, and commercial BE in producing Bleached Palm Oil (BPO). The novelty lies in the nano SiO₂ modification, designed to enhance the structural properties and absorption capabilities of Bentonite. Characterization of BE was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), while BPO quality was assessed through parameters like moisture content, acid value, Free Fatty Acid (FFA) levels, (Deterioration of Bleachability Index (DOBI), and β-carotene concentration. The results showed that BPO processed with nano SiO₂-modified Bentonite had the lowest β-carotene concentration (443%) and a DOBI value of 1.453, demonstrating superior bleaching performance compared to unmodified and commercial BE. Other parameters, including FFA levels and moisture content, exhibited minimal variation. Color analysis revealed that BPO processed with nano SiO₂-modified Bentonite achieved a comparable color value (1.5/15) to commercial BE. These findings highlight the potential of nano SiO₂-modified bentonite for improving oil quality by reducing FFA and acid value while maintaining optimal moisture content, offering a novel and effective alternative to unmodified bentonite in oil refining.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdelbasir, S. M., Shehab, A. I., & Khalek, M. A. A. (2023). Spent bleaching earth; recycling and utilization techniques: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling Advances, 17(November 2022), 200124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200124
Abedi, E., Amiri, M. J., & Sayadi, M. (2021). The potential use of ultrasound-assisted bleaching in removing heavy metals and pigments from soybean oil using kinetic, thermodynamic and equilibrium modeling. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(36). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14180-2
Ahmed, S., Arefin, P., Mondal, K., & Miah, M. A. S. (2023). Comparison of Nutritional Quality and Storage Stability of β-Carotene Fortified Soybean Oil and Olive Oil. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v7i3.3
Alkizwini, R. S., & Alquzweeni, S. S. (2021). Modeling natural bentonite, thermal-modified bentonite and iron-modified bentonite with artificial neural network, sorption kinetics and sorption isotherms for simulated sorption tetracycline. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 18(9), 2633–2650. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03004-4
Almoselhy, R. I. M., Eid, M. M., Abd-Elmageed, S. M. M., & Youness, R. A. (2020). Using nanotechnology in bleaching vegetable oils. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 63(7). https://doi.org/10.21608/EJCHEM.2020.23625.2407
Amsasekar, A., Mor, R. S., Kishore, A., Singh, A., & Sid, S. (2022). Impact of high pressure processing on microbiological, nutritional and sensory properties of food: a review. Nutrition and Food Science (Vol. 52, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-08-2021-0249
Anis, U., Millati, R., & Hidayat, C. (2022). Optimization of Crude Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Oil Bleaching using Zeolite-Fe by Response Surface Methodology. AgriTECH, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/agritech.48114
Bukit, N., Ginting, E. M., Harahap, M. H., Fiska, J., Medan, U. N., Willem, J., & Psr, I. (2014). Preparasi Bentonit Alam Menjadi Nano Partikel Sebagai Filler Pada Termoplastik Hdpe. Jurnal Saintika, 14(2), 95–107.
Chinenyenwa Nkeiruka, N., Ikenna Chukwudi, N., & Charles Ebuka, C. (2024). Bleaching Of Crude Palm Oil By Activated Nise Clay: Process Kinetics, Isotherm And Thermodynamic Studies. Novateur Publications International Journal Of Innovations In Engineering Research And Technology, 11, 2394–3696.
Elisabeth, J. (2023). Mitigation of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil in Indonesia. E-Journal Menara Perkebunan, 91(2). https://doi.org/10.22302/mp.v91i2.549
Ghorbanpour, M. (2018). Soybean oil bleaching by adsorption onto bentonite/iron oxide nanocomposites. Journal of Physical Science, 29(2). https://doi.org/10.21315/jps2018.29.2.7
Hardyanti, I. S., Nurani, I., Hardjono HP, D. S., Apriliani, E., & Wibowo, E. A. P. (2017). Pemanfaatan Silika (SiO2) dan Bentonit sebagai Adsorben Logam Berat Fe pada Limbah Batik. JST (Jurnal Sains Terapan), 3(2). https://doi.org/10.32487/jst.v3i2.257
Hasanudin, H., Putri, Q. U., Agustina, T. E., & Hadiah, F. (2022). Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Palm Oil Mill Effluent usSulfated Carbon-Zeolite Composite Catalyst. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 30(1), 377–395. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.1.21
Hasibuan, H. A. (2018). Deterioration Of Bleachability Index Pada Crude Palm Oil: Bahan Review Dan Usulan Untuk SNI 01-2901-2006. Jurnal Standardisasi, 18(1), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.31153/js.v18i1.694
Lengke, G., Lembang, T. O., Saleh, M., Pasae, Y., & Djonny, M. (2024). Evaluasi Kualitas Minyak Sawit Mentah (CPO) PT Suryaraya Lestari I Berdasarkan Parameter FFA, Kadar Air, DOBI, dan Kadar Pengotor Paulus Chemical Engineering Journal. 2(1).
Maged, A., Kharbish, S., Ismael, I. S., & Bhatnagar, A. (2020). Characterization of activated bentonite clay mineral and the mechanisms underlying its sorption for ciprofloxacin from aqueous solution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(26). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09267-1
Md Sarip, M. S., Morad, N. A., Mohd Nawi, M. A. H., Tun Abdul Aziz, M. K., & Syed Jaapar, S. Z. imah. (2023). β-carotene enrichment in crude palm oil using subcritical water extraction and its relationship with the solubility. Food Chemistry Advances, 2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focha.2023.100245
Moussout, H., Ahlafi, H., Aazza, M., & Amechrouq, A. (2018). Bentonite/chitosan nanocomposite: Preparation, characterization and kinetic study of its thermal degradation. Thermochimica Acta, 659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2017.11.015
Musie, W., & Gonfa, G. (2023). Thermal activation, characterization and performance evaluation of Ethiopian bentonite for sodium removal. Water Science and Technology, 87(4). https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2023.031
Novelena, T. A., & Komari, N. (2022). Analisis Hubungan Antar Parameter Kualitas Crude Palm Oil di PT. Laguna Mandiri Rantau Factory. Jurnal Natural Scientiae, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.20527/jns.v2i1.4864
Nurmalasari, E., Kusworo, T. D., & Khairati, M. (2022). Rubber Industry Wastewater Treatment using A Combination of Ozonation and Modified PES-Nano ZnO Membranes. Chemica, 9(3), 134–141.
Nurmalasari, E., Ulia, H., Aini, P., Kurnia Yahya, A., & Fahni, Y. (2023). Metode Modifikasi Membran Polietersulfon (PES) untuk Meningkatkan Anti-fouling −Mini Review Modified Polyethersulfone (PES) Membran Methods to Improve Anti-fouling −Mini Review. In Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Kimia (Vol. 20, Issue 2).
PASPI-Monitor. (2022). Spent Bleaching Earth (Sbe), the Hidden Treasure From Waste of the Palm Oil Refinery Plant. Palm Oil Agribusiness Strategic Policy Institute, II(28).
Pratiwi, J., Putri, S. E., Pratiwi, D. E., & Ramadani, A. I. W. S. (2022). Synthesis And Characterization Of Bentonite-Zno Composites. Jambura Physics Journal, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.34312/jpj.v4i1.13499
Sharma, P., Kumari, S., Ghosh, D., Kumar, J., Vij, A., Brajpuriya, R. K., Rawat, P., Srivastava, C. M., Saini, S., Sharma, V., Hassan, M. I., & Majumder, S. (2023). Structural morphological, and thermal properties of nano bentonite and α-Fe2O3/bentonite nanocomposite. Zeitschrift Fur Physikalische Chemie, 237(4–5). https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2022-0073
Soylu, T. M., Özel, C., Karakuzu Ikizler, B., Özarslan, A. C., Terzioğlu, P., Elalmis, Y. B., & Yücel, S. (2024). Mesoporous silica aerogels for sunflower oil refining and investigation of their adsorption performance. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06395-9
Suhadi, J. A., Goncalves, E. F., Foe, K., & Soetaredjo, F. E. (2018). Bentonite-Biochar composite for bleaching of crude coconut oil. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 13(8).
Syafira, R. Z., Anwar, S. H., & Rozali, Z. F. (2022). Pengendalian Mutu Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Dengan Metode Control Chart dan Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) Pada Pabrik Kelapa Sawit PT.XYZ. Jurnal Teknologi Dan Industri Pertanian Indonesia, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.17969/jtipi.v14i2.23056
Torkashvand, H., & Bagheri-Mohagheghi, M. M. (2021). Purification, Synthesis and Structural, Optical Characterizations of Silicon (Si) Nano-Particles from Bentonite Mineral: the Effect of Magnesium-Thermic Chemical Reduction. Silicon, 13(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-020-00533-y
Wang, Y., Jiang, Q., Cheng, J., Pan, Y., Yang, G., Liu, Y., Wang, L., Leng, Y., & Tuo, X. (2021). Synthesis and characterization of CTAB-modified bentonite composites for the removal of Cs+. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 329(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07797-7
Wong, F. H., Lim, M. S. W., Tiong, T. J., Chan, Y. J., Asli, U. A., & Yap, Y. H. (2023). Relationship between the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI) value and hydrogenation performance for the hydrogenation of split-crude palm oil (s-CPO) in the oleochemical industry. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 18(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2973
Yahya, A. K., Nurmalasari, E., Aini, A. P., & Ulya, H. N. (2024). Performance Evaluation of Bentonite/Nano-SiO2 Composite as Bleaching Earth in Crude Palm Oil Processing. Jurnal Kimia Sains Dan Aplikasi, 27(4), 167–173. https://doi.org/10.14710/jksa.27.4.167-173
Yahya, A. K., Rahayu, P., Ulia, H., & Maulana, A. Y. (2022). Analisa Head Loss Dan Kerja Pompa Dengan Variasi Perubahan Diameter Pada Sistem Pemipaan. SAINTI: Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Industri, 19(2).
Yuliana, M., Sutrisno, R. J., Hermanto, S., Ismadji, S., Wijaya, C. J., Santoso, S. P., Soetaredjo, F. E., & Ju, Y. H. (2020). Hydrophobic Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Pillared Bentonite as an Effective Palm Oil Bleaching Agent. ACS Omega, 5(44). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c04238
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31315/eksergi.v22i1.13311
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Article Metrics
Metrics powered by PLOS ALM
Eksergi p-ISSN 1410-394X, e-ISSN 2460-8203, is published by "Prodi Teknik Kimia UPN Veteran Yogyakarta".
Contact Jl. SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara) Condong catur Sleman Yogyakarta
Eksergi by http://jurnal.upnyk.ac.id/index.php/eksergi/index/ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.